vendredi 14 septembre 2018
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» In-park village management through Permanent Use Zone, the case of Korup National Park
In-park village management through Permanent Use Zone, the case of Korup National Park
Korup
National Park (KPN) is one of the most important biodiversity hotspot in Africa,
characterized by extremely rich tree diversity and a remarkably high level of
endemism (Rodewald et al., 1994;
Waltert, 2005; MINFOF, 2008; MINFOF, 2017).
It’s a refuge of flagship and high vulnerable animal species like Elephante, Drill,
Chimpanzee, Preuss’s red colobus monkey, Picathartes. Despite its highest value
like generative income, ecosystem services and conservation value; KNP is
suffering from a number of activities that are threatening it integrity and
connectivity (Dupuy, 2015). Clearing of natural vegetation to provide land for
agro-industrial plantations, commercial and subsistence agriculture is the
biggest driver of deforestation in the area (Bobo et al., 2006a; Bobo, 2007; Guekeu et al., 2014; Dupuy, 2015; Tonleu et al., 2018). In villages that immediately border the different PAs,
land has gradually become insufficient for cash crop cultivation and without
alternatives; the risk of encroachment into PAs is increasing. With the fast
disappearance of communal forests in favour of agricultural holdings, NTFPs
harvesting and hunting is shifing as well into PAs (Dupuy, 2015).
The
world's system of protected areas (PAs) has grown exponentially over the past
25 years, particularly in developing countries where biodiversity is greatest. Concurrently,
the mission of PAs has expanded from biodiversity conservation to improving
human welfare (Naughton-Treves et al.,
2005). The relationship between protected areas and community land rights is
important for both human rights and biodiversity conservation at a global scale
(RRI, 2015). It is important for human rights because land and natural
resources are fundamental to the existence, livelihoods, cultural heritage,
identity, and future opportunities of Indigenous Peoples and local communities
(Defries and al, 2007; RRI, 2015).
Thus,
PAs are widely recognized as one of the most important strategies for achieving
conservation and sustainable development. However, they face great challenges.
Many studies have indicated that most of the problems affecting PAs involve
land use changes and activities that originate in surrounding areas (Kozlowski and Vass-Bowen, 1997 ; Sharma, 1990; Rodríguez
and Vega, 2018),
seriously undermining the harmonious balance between conservation and
sustainable development in and around PAs. A new approach to biodiversity
conservation within human-dominated landscapes one that unites a focus on
ecologically sustainable agriculture with existing efforts in protected areas
to achieve lasting conservation outcomes at local and regional levels. This new
approach recognizes farmers as stakeholders in conserving biodiversity and
actively solicits farmers as partners to create resilient landscapes that
foster wildlife and preserve rural livelihoods and local knowledge (Harvey and al., 2008).
Like
most of PAs, KNP is surrounded by riparian
communities, it host 32 villages in its periphery,
with 05 villages inside the park. In fact, when KNP was created in
1986, it’s had already many enclaves’ villages (Erat, Esukutan, Bera, Ikondokondo
I, Ikenge and Bareka-Batanga). According to the creation process all these
enclaves inside the park were illegal and should be resettled. In 2000, the
Korup Project succeeded to resettle only one village, Ikondokondo. But in the
revised Management Plan of the Park (2008-2013) resettlement for various
reasons no longer been considered as a feasible option and it was now foreseen
to demarcate “Permanent Use Zones” (PUZ) for in-park villages. Hence, MINFOF through the PSMNR-SWR has
initiated the process of PUZ establishment for the Erat, Esukutan and Bera
communities. In addition with co-management
approach, the community of Erat has signed the Conservation Development
Agreements (CDA); in which the local population participates as partners in
park management; while also benefiting from Infrastructure development and
Income Generating Activities (IGAs) to improve their livelihoods. The PUZ
process is in line with prescriptions specified in PUZ agreement and will
permit the community, KNP and other partners to conveniently invest in the
development of Erat village (Dupuy, 2015 ;
KNP, 2015 ; MINFOF, 2017).
Despite
these efforts, KNP remain an area of a wide rate of threatening wildlife, with
many cases of elephant killing and bushmeat traffic (Dupuy, 2015); and there is
still little agreement about how compliance with PA policies could be better
achieved (Andrade and Rhodes, 2012). Furthermore, some villages are not signed
the Conservation Development Agreement (CDA) and others don’t agreed with
Permanents Use Zones (PUZ) establishment (Dupuy, 2015; MINFOF, 2017).
By TANEBANG Cyrille
Forestry
and Wildlife Engineer
REFERENCES
Bobo, K. S. 2007. From
forest to farmland: Effects of land use on understorey birds of Afrotropical
rainforests. Thèse de Ph.D. Université
Georg-August de Göttingen, Allemagne. 169p.
Bobo, K. S.,
Waltert, M., Sainge, N. M., Njokagbor, J., Fermon, H. et Mühlenberg, M. 2006b.
From forest to farmland: species richness patterns of trees and understorey
plants along a gradient of forest conversion in Southwestern Cameroon. Biodiversity and Conservation 15:
4097-4117.
DeFries, R,. Hansen, A,. Turner, B. L.,
Reid, R. and Liu, J. 2007. Land use change around protected areas: management
to balance human needs and ecological function. Ecological Society of America
17 (4): 1031–1038.
Dupuy, J. 2015. Collaborative
management of Protected Areas, PSMNR-SWR approach and concepts. Programme for
Sustainable Management of Natural resources, South West Region (PSMNR-SWR),
Buea, Cameroon.
Guekeu, H. M., Bobo, K. S. et Tanebang, T. C. L. 2014.
Large Scale Oil Palm Plantation Expansion by Herakles Farms in Southwest
Cameroon: Local Communities Between Development and Conservation. Abstract. Tropentag. Czech Republic.
Harvey, C. A., Komar, O., Chazdon, R., Ferguson,
B. G., Finegan, B., Griffith, D. M., Martínez-Ramos, M., Morales, H., Nigh, R.,
Soto-Pinto, L., Breugel, M. Van. and Wishnie, M. 2008. Integrating Agricultural
Landscapes with Biodiversity Conservation in the Mesoamerican Hotspot. Conservation biology 22 (1): 8–15. https://10.1111/j.1523-1739.2007.00863.x
Kozlowski, J.; Vass-Bowen, N. (1997). Buffering
external threats to heritage conservation areas: Planner’s perspective. Landsc.
Urban Plan. 37 : 245–267.
Ministère des forêts et de la faune. 2008. Management
Plan for the Korup National Park and its peripheral zone (2009-2013). MINFOF.
Yaoundé. Cameroon. 136p.
Naughton-Treves, L., Holland, M. H and
Brandon, K. 2005. The role of protected areas in conserving biodiversity and
sustaining local livelihoods. Annual
Review of Environment and Resources 30: 219-252. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.30.050504.164507
Rodewald, P.
G., Dejaifve, P. A. et Green, A. A. 1994. The birds of Korup National Park and
Korup Project Area, Southwest Province, Cameroon. Bird Conservation International 4: 1-68.
Tonleu, J., Bobo, K. S., Djoumessi, D W., Tanebang, T. C.L., Lontchi, W.
T. G., Tanyimajob, A. C., Mfendem, K. L., Assoua, R. S; H., Nzitouo, T. U. et
Mpoame, M. 2018. Prédation des nids de deux espèces de bulbuls (Pycnonotidae)
dans un écosystème de forêt tropicale humide à Korup, Sud-Ouest Cameroun.
International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences. 12(5): 2328-2343. https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v12i5.32
Waltert, M., Bobo, K. S., Sainge, M. N., Fermon, H. et
Mühlenberg, M. 2005. From forest to farmland: Habitat effects on Afrotropical
forest bird diversity. Ecological
Application 15: 1351–1366.
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